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Afterwards, safety issues plagued MySpace. The site was implicated in a series of sexual interactions between adults and minors, prompting legal action Consumer Affairs, A moral panic concerning sexual predators quickly spread Bahney, , although research suggests that the concerns were exaggerated. While MySpace attracted the majority of media attention in the U. Additionally, previously popular communication and community services began implementing SNS features.
The Chinese QQ instant messaging service instantly became the largest SNS worldwide when it added profiles and made friends visible McLeod, , while the forum tool Cyworld cornered the Korean market by introducing homepages and buddies Ewers, Blogging services with complete SNS features also became popular. In the U. Alongside these open services, other SNSs launched to support niche demographics before expanding to a broader audience.
Unlike previous SNSs, Facebook was designed to support distinct college networks only. To join, a user had to have a harvard. Beginning in September , Facebook expanded to include high school students, professionals inside corporate networks, and, eventually, everyone. The change to open signup did not mean that new users could easily access users in closed networks—gaining access to corporate networks still required the appropriate.
As of this writing, only membership in regional networks requires no permission. Unlike other SNSs, Facebook users are unable to make their full profiles public to all users. While most SNSs focus on growing broadly and exponentially, others explicitly seek narrower audiences. Some, like aSmallWorld and BeautifulPeople, intentionally restrict access to appear selective and elite. Others—activity-centered sites like Couchsurfing, identity-driven sites like BlackPlanet, and affiliation-focused sites like MyChurch—are limited by their target demographic and thus tend to be smaller.
Finally, anyone who wishes to create a niche social network site can do so on Ning, a platform and hosting service that encourages users to create their own SNSs.
Currently, there are no reliable data regarding how many people use SNSs, although marketing research indicates that SNSs are growing in popularity worldwide comScore, This growth has prompted many corporations to invest time and money in creating, purchasing, promoting, and advertising SNSs. At the same time, other companies are blocking their employees from accessing the sites.
Additionally, the U. Congress has proposed legislation to ban youth from accessing SNSs in schools and libraries H. The rise of SNSs indicates a shift in the organization of online communities. While websites dedicated to communities of interest still exist and prosper, SNSs are primarily organized around people, not interests.
The introduction of SNS features has introduced a new organizational framework for online communities, and with it, a vibrant new research context. Scholarship concerning SNSs is emerging from diverse disciplinary and methodological traditions, addresses a range of topics, and builds on a large body of CMC research. The goal of this section is to survey research that is directly concerned with social network sites, and in so doing, to set the stage for the articles in this special issue. Like other online contexts in which individuals are consciously able to construct an online representation of self—such as online dating profiles and MUDS—SNSs constitute an important research context for scholars investigating processes of impression management, self-presentation, and friendship performance.
In one of the earliest academic articles on SNSs, boyd examined Friendster as a locus of publicly articulated social networks that allowed users to negotiate presentations of self and connect with others. While most sites encourage users to construct accurate representations of themselves, participants do this to varying degrees. Another aspect of self-presentation is the articulation of friendship links, which serve as identity markers for the profile owner. Social network sites also provide rich sources of naturalistic behavioral data. Profile and linkage data from SNSs can be gathered either through the use of automated collection techniques or through datasets provided directly from the company, enabling network analysis researchers to explore large-scale patterns of friending, usage, and other visible indicators Hogan, in press , and continuing an analysis trend that started with examinations of blogs and other websites.
For instance, Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman examined an anonymized dataset consisting of million messages exchanged by over four million Facebook users for insight into Friending and messaging activities. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield explored the relationship between profile elements and number of Facebook friends, finding that profile fields that reduce transaction costs and are harder to falsify are most likely to be associated with larger number of friendship links. SNS researchers have also studied the network structure of Friendship.
Analyzing the roles people played in the growth of Flickr and Yahoo! Based on Orkut data, Spertus, Sahami, and Buyukkokten identified a topology of users through their membership in certain communities; they suggest that sites can use this to recommend additional communities of interest to users.
Finally, Liu, Maes, and Davenport argued that Friend connections are not the only network structure worth investigating. They examined the ways in which the performance of tastes favorite music, books, film, etc. Although exceptions exist, the available research suggests that most SNSs primarily support pre-existing social relations. Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe suggest that Facebook is used to maintain existing offline relationships or solidify offline connections, as opposed to meeting new people.
These relationships may be weak ties, but typically there is some common offline element among individuals who friend one another, such as a shared class at school. Research in this vein has investigated how online interactions interface with offline ones. Likewise, boyd argues that MySpace and Facebook enable U. Researchers have investigated the potential threats to privacy associated with SNSs. In analyzing trust on social network sites, Dwyer, Hiltz, and Passerini argued that trust and usage goals may affect what people are willing to share—Facebook users expressed greater trust in Facebook than MySpace users did in MySpace and thus were more willing to share information on the site.
Survey data offer a more optimistic perspective on the issue, suggesting that teens are aware of potential privacy threats online and that many are proactive about taking steps to minimize certain potential risks.
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SNSs are also challenging legal conceptions of privacy. Hodge argued that the fourth amendment to the U. Constitution and legal decisions concerning privacy are not equipped to address social network sites. For example, do police officers have the right to access content posted to Facebook without a warrant?
In addition to the themes identified above, a growing body of scholarship addresses other aspects of SNSs, their users, and the practices they enable.
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Scholars are documenting the implications of SNS use with respect to schools, universities, and libraries. Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis found that librarians are overwhelmingly aware of Facebook and are against proposed U. This overview is not comprehensive due to space limitations and because much work on SNSs is still in the process of being published.
Additionally, we have not included literature in languages other than English e. The articles in this section address a variety of social network sites—BlackPlanet, Cyworld, Dodgeball, Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube—from multiple theoretical and methodological angles, building on previous studies of SNSs and broader theoretical traditions within CMC research, including relationship maintenance and issues of identity, performance, privacy, self-presentation, and civic engagement.
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These pieces collectively provide insight into some of the ways in which online and offline experiences are deeply entwined. Using a relational dialectics approach, Kyung-Hee Kim and Haejin Yun analyze how Cyworld supports both interpersonal relations and self-relation for Korean users. Dara Byrne uses content analysis to examine civic engagement in forums on BlackPlanet and finds that online discussions are still plagued with the problems offline activists have long encountered.
She looks at the ways in which networked communication is reshaping offline social geography.