March The U. Census Bureau reports that Detroit's population has fallen to ,, a 25 percent plummet from and the lowest level in years. Detroit's finances are premised on a minimum tax base of , people. A new law, Public Act 4, that allows the state to intervene in financially troubled local governments takes effect. November Voter repeal Public Act 4. The next month, Gov.
Rick Snyder signs a replacement bill, Public Act , that lets struggling local governments choose between mediation, a deal with the state, a state-appointed emergency financial manager, or Chapter 9 bankruptcy. May 13, Orr, in his first public report on Detroit's finances, calls the city "clearly insolvent. Orr also lays out a plan to restructure Detroit's finances to avoid bankruptcy, including cuts to the pensions and health benefits of retired city workers and a steep haircut on municipal bonds.
July 18, Orr files a Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition on behalf of Detroit, marking the largest municipal bankruptcy filing in history and sending the Motor City into unknown territory. Jim Jordan again accused of ignoring sexual abuse claims against Ohio State doctor: 'Yeah, yeah, we know'.
Timeline: History of the Electric Car . NOW on PBS
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Around the web. He gradually adapted the production line and in his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line, allowing for greater production. Demand for the affordable car soared; by , fifteen million had been sold, and Ford was the leading auto manufacturer in the country. In addition to the moving assembly line, Ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees.
The birth of the electric vehicle
During the Model T era, Ford bought out his shareholders so he had complete financial control of the now vast corporation. He continued to innovate, but competitors, growing more powerful though fewer in number, began to cut into Ford's market share. Trusting in what he believed was an unerring market instinct, Ford refused to follow other automobile manufacturers in offering innovative features.
When he was finally convinced that the marketplace had changed and was demanding more than a purely utilitarian vehicle, he shut down his plants for five months to retool. In December , he introduced the Model A. The new model enjoyed solid, but not impressive, success.
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Ford's stubbornness had cost him his leadership position in the industry: the Model A was outsold by General Motors's Chevrolet and Chrysler's Plymouth and was discontinued in A similar pattern of inflexibility and stubbornness marked Ford's attitude toward his workers. It was, moreover, no guarantee for the future. Ford used company police, labor spies, and violence in a protracted effort to prevent unionization.
When the UAW finally succeeded in organizing Ford workers in , he considered shutting down before he was persuaded to sign a union contract. Henry Ford was an idiosyncratic and complex personality.
The Debunker: Did the Model T Ford Only Come in Black?
Away from the shop floor he exhibited a variety of enthusiasms and prejudices. His dictum that "history is more or less bunk" was widely known. One of Ford's most publicized acts was his chartering of an ocean liner to conduct himself and a party of pacifists to Europe in November in an attempt to end the war by means of "continuous mediation.
He was narrowly defeated after a campaign of personal attacks by his opponent and never ran for office again. Also in , Ford bought The Dearborn Independent newspaper and used it to publish a series of anti-Semitic attacks. In he formally retracted his attacks and sold the paper.
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He expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler in the s. On the other hand, Henry Ford was also recognized for several civic contributions: he established small village factories; built one-room schools in which vocational training was emphasized; experimented with soybeans for food and durable goods; sponsored a weekly radio hour on which quaint essays were read to "plain folks"; and constructed Greenfield Village, a restored rural town.