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Ukraine Latitude, Longitude, Absolute and Relative Locations - World Atlas
What is Prezi? As with previous studies, we found that the highest aerosol content was observed over Moscow in the first half of August due to the proximity of the most active fires.
We estimated the influence of fires on the spectral single scattering albedo, size distribution, and complex refractive indices using Kyiv AERONET measurements performed during summer In this study we showed that the maximum AOD in the atmosphere over Ukraine recorded in summer was caused by particle transport from the forest fires in Russia. Also, the influence of fires resulted in a change of the particle microphysics in the polluted regions.
In turn, those fires caused significant air pollution in populated areas of Russia and combustion products gases and aerosol were spread over large areas of Eastern Europe.
For several years great effort has been devoted to the study of the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosol in summer over the ETR and Eastern Europe. Active fires during summer influenced the content and properties of aerosol in the atmosphere both above burning areas and over the most territory of Eastern Europe, where the fires were not as strong as in the ETR and eastern Ukraine.
Their results correlated well with the development of weather conditions determined by back trajectory simulations with the starting point in Moscow. They determined vertical temperature profiles, pressure, humidity, and wind directions according to radiosonde measurements over the ETR. They also explored the impact of intense fires on the environment.
A significant change in the atmospheric gas composition, aerosol concentration, and air temperature caused detrimental influence on human health. Particularly the mortality rate increased by 1. The authors detected strong perturbations of atmospheric composition over Russia from those data. Despite previous studies focused on the summer fires in the ETR and Eastern Europe, little attention was paid to aerosol impact over Ukraine, which, as we show in this study, was also influenced by severe fires. Therefore, thorough studies on aerosol layer properties over Ukraine require further attention.
To the authors' best knowledge, very few publications can be found regarding this topic.
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- Relative Location.
- Examples of Absolute and Relative Location - Geography Realm?
We also estimated the spatiotemporal influence of extensive wildfires in the ETR and Eastern Europe on air pollution caused by aerosol over Ukraine and neighboring areas. Also, in contrast to earlier studies, we provided deeper insight into aerosol properties other than AOD and the vertical structure of the relevant tropospheric aerosol layers.
The basic principle of the network is to standardize the equipment, measurement techniques, and data processing, which are stored in a freely accessible centralized database. We also used data from the only two Ukrainian sites that measured during summer Kyiv and Sevastopol. The surrounding landscape around the Kyiv site enables the sun photometer to scan the entire celestial hemisphere.
We calculated AOD values at different wavelengths to be further consistent with measurements, performed by different types of sun photometer and MODIS satellite instrument. The local equatorial crossing time is approximately in a descending node. The local equatorial crossing time is approximately in an ascending node of a sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular orbit. Over land, aerosol properties are retrieved from spectral channels 0. We did not calculate the spatial biases of the AOD over this area.
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Combustion temperature in K is defined from the measurements of the spectral brightness of the flame, applying the Stefan—Boltzmann law. An algorithm is applied to calculate the number of burning cells and the total area occupied by fires. Data of the spatiotemporal distribution of fires are freely available online from NASA e. MODIS sometimes detects volcanic eruptions or flares of gas in addition to vegetation fires.
Here, we considered all observed signals as wildfires. The laser beam is directed almost at nadir with a slight forward tilt in the direction of motion of the satellite to avoid direct reflection of laser radiation from high-reflectivity objects surface water, snow, etc. The footprint of CALIOP light beam on this granule looks like a sequence of points on the straight line, which are passing close to the center of a granule.
- Regional Characteristics.
- Location of Ukraine?
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- AMT - Increased aerosol content in the atmosphere over Ukraine during summer ?
Black stars and numbers in Fig. Such large fire areas, high brightness temperature, and long duration were caused by specific weather conditions over the ETR and Eastern Europe during the second half of summer The highest air pollution among all analyzed sites caused by aerosol was detected in Moscow in the first half of August due to the proximity of the most active fires e. The trajectories indicate that aerosol was transported to Moldova at altitudes from 0.
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Into the region of Belsk, aerosol was transported across continental Europe 1. Aerosol to Moscow was transported mostly from the surrounding regions with the most active fires. Air masses over Toravere Fig. Atmospheric fronts of an active cyclone which moved from the southern Baltic region to Samara led to a significant change of weather pattern in Eastern Europe.
This change caused a distinct decrease in fire activities and a wet deposition of aerosol, lowering its content in the atmosphere above all investigated regions in the second half of August. According to both studies, the observed spring peak in aerosol content is associated with transport of the Saharan dust across Eastern Europe, transport of sea salt aerosol from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and occasionally occurring agricultural fires.
The summer peak results from wildfires, soil dust aerosol due to harvesting activity, and transport of Saharan dust. The lowest AOD was observed in June and the middle of autumn. Even in this extended record the most significant aerosol pollution was observed in August However, the aerosol pollution over Kyiv was also exceptional in comparison with the multiannual average.
Site Index
We provided detailed description of AOD variations and the impact of air transport on those changes in the Fig. S1—S34 in the Supplement. According to our analysis of air mass transport, spatiotemporal distribution of the wildfires and their brightness temperature, the wildfires were not the main source of increased AOD over Kyiv in June. Both local sources city transport, heavy industry, etc. In the following, we used corresponding AODs as reference values for the further estimation of the aerosol content and its properties during July and August , when the wildfires took place.
From the end of June the transport of air masses to Kyiv changed significantly as shown in back trajectory simulations Supplement Fig. The air masses reached Kyiv at different altitudes after crossing the regions with the wildfires.