An HFEV is an all-electric car featuring an open-source battery in the form of a hydrogen tank and the atmosphere. HFEVs may also comprise closed-cell batteries for the purpose of power storage from regenerative braking, but this does not change the source of the motivation. It implies the HFEV is an electric car with two types of batteries. Since HFEVs are purely electric, and do not contain any type of heat engine, they are not hybrids.
Hybrid vehicles might use an internal combustion engine running on biofuels , such as a flexible-fuel engine running on ethanol or engines running on biodiesel. The Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid electric vehicle would be the first commercially available flex-fuel plug-in hybrid capable of adapting the propulsion to the biofuels used in several world markets such as the ethanol blend E85 in the U. In split path vehicles Toyota, Ford, GM, Chrysler there are two electrical machines, one of which functions as a motor primarily, and the other functions as a generator primarily. One of the primary requirements of these machines is that they are very efficient, as the electrical portion of the energy must be converted from the engine to the generator, through two inverters , through the motor again and then to the wheels.
Hybrid Cars -- Pros and Cons
Specifically, they are of a type called an interior permanent magnet IPM machine or motor. These machines are wound similarly to the induction motors found in a typical home, but for high efficiency use very strong rare-earth magnets in the rotor. These magnets contain neodymium , iron and boron, and are therefore called Neodymium magnets. This resulted in 'demand destruction' as many producers quickly turned to substituting induction motors in their cars to defend their production line. This was in spite of such motors inferior 'power to weight' ratio attributes significantly impacting all but the most powerful energy guzzling motor sizes, e.
Cutting edge U. As security of supply returns, it is certain that there will accordingly be a return to superior motor designs that NdFeB Permanent Magnets enable. In some cases, manufacturers are producing HEVs that use the added energy provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost, rather than significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional counterparts. In the future, manufacturers may provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this balance fuel efficiency vs.
One can buy a stock hybrid or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric vehicle using an aftermarket hybrid kit. Electric hybrids reduce petroleum consumption under certain circumstances, compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles, primarily by using three mechanisms: []. Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and cost profiles.
The ICE in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient than the one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand.
First look
The drive system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and power, but an ICE 's highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation, making conventional vehicles inefficient. The power curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can provide substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with internal-combustion engines. The greater fuel economy of HEVs has implication for reduced petroleum consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide [].
Many hybrids use the Atkinson cycle , which gives greater efficiency, but less power for the size of engine. Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction , [] in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone.
How to buy a secondhand hybrid
Reduced noise may not be beneficial for all road users, as blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets and feel quiet hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard. A study conducted by the NHTSA found that crashes involving pedestrian and bicyclist have higher incidence rates for hybrids than internal combustion engine vehicles in certain vehicle maneuvers. These accidents commonly occurred on in zones with low speed limits, during daytime and in clear weather. In January the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism issued guidelines for hybrid and other near-silent vehicles.
Congress in December , [] [] [] and the bill was signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, It would require hybrids and electric vehicles traveling at less than As of mid, and in advance of upcoming legislation, some carmakers announced their decision to address this safety issue shared by regular hybrids and all types of plug-in electric vehicles , and as a result, the Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt , both launched in late , and the Nissan Fuga hybrid and the Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid , both launched in , include synthesized sounds to alert pedestrians, the blind and others to their presence.
There is also aftermarket technology available in California to make hybrids sound more like conventional combustion engine cars when the vehicle goes into the silent electric mode EV mode. Toyota plans to use other versions of the device for use in gasoline-electric hybrids, plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles as well as fuel-cell hybrid vehicles planned for mass production.
Battery toxicity is a concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries, not the environmentally problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium. The following table shows the fuel economy ratings and pollution indicators for the top ten most fuel efficient hybrids rated by the U. Companies such as Zero Motorcycles [] and Vectrix have market-ready all-electric motorcycles available now, but the pairing of electrical components and an internal combustion engine ICE has made packaging cumbersome , especially for niche brands.
Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor , [] [] a hybrid scooter is a three-wheeler that uses two separate power sources to power the front and back wheels. SEMA has announced that Yamaha is going to launch one in , with Honda following a year later, fueling a competition to reign in new customers and set new standards for mobility.
These proposed hybrid motorcycles could incorporate components from the upcoming Honda Insight car and its hybrid powertrain. The ability to mass-produce these items helps to overcome the investment hurdles faced by start-up brands and bring new engineering concepts into mainstream markets. As emissions regulations become tougher for manufacturers to adhere to, a new generation of high-performance cars will be powered by hybrid technology for example the Porsche GT3 hybrid racing car.
Aside from the emissions benefits of a hybrid system, the immediately available torque which is produced from electric motor s can lead to performance benefits by addressing the power curve weaknesses of a traditional combustion engine. In , Formula 1 has changed the cars from 2. Many of the major cities in the world are adding hybrid taxis to their taxicab fleets, led by San Francisco and New York City.
Hybrid technology for buses has seen increased attention since recent battery developments decreased battery weight significantly. Drivetrains consist of conventional diesel engines and gas turbines. Some designs concentrate on using car engines, recent designs have focused on using conventional diesel engines already used in bus designs, to save on engineering and training costs.
As of [update] , several manufacturers were working on new hybrid designs, or hybrid drivetrains that fit into existing chassis offerings without major re-design. A challenge to hybrid buses may still come from cheaper lightweight imports from the former Eastern block countries or China, where national operators are looking at fuel consumption issues surrounding the weight of the bus, which has increased with recent bus technology innovations such as glazing, air conditioning and electrical systems.
A hybrid bus can also deliver fuel economy though through the hybrid drivetrain. Hybrid technology is also being promoted by environmentally concerned transit authorities. In , GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military light truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. International Truck and Engine Corp. In , high petroleum price means a hard sell for hybrid trucks [] and appears the first U. Some 70 years after Porsche's pioneering efforts in hybrid-drivetrain armored fighting vehicles in World War II, the United States Army 's manned ground vehicles of the Future Combat System all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems.
In May , JR East started test runs with the so-called NE new energy train and validated the system's functionality series hybrid with lithium-ion battery in cold regions. In , Railpower Technologies had been running pilots in the US with the so-called Green Goats, [] which led to orders by the Union Pacific [] and Canadian Pacific [] Railways starting in early Railpower offers hybrid electric road switchers , [] as does GE. For large boats that are already diesel-electric, the upgrade to hybrid can be as straightforward as adding a large battery bank and control equipment; this configuration can provide fuel saving for the operators as well as being more environmentally sensitive.
A hybrid electric aircraft is an aircraft with an hybrid electric powertrain, needed for airliners as the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is much lower than aviation fuel. By May , there were over 30 projects, and short-haul hybrid-electric airliners are envisioned by HEVs can be initially more expensive the so-called "hybrid premium" than pure fossil-fuel -based ICE vehicles , due to extra batteries, more electronics and in some cases other design considerations although battery renting can be used to reach the cost parity.
- louisiana and criminal offender and gambling;
- customer service jobs and call center jobs search engine;
- Hybrids vs. Plug-In Hybrids – Pros and Cons of Each Hybrid Type!
The trade-off between higher initial cost also called showroom costs and lower fuel costs difference often referred to as the payback period is dependent on usage — miles traveled, or hours of operation, fuel costs, and in some cases, government subsidies. Traditional economy vehicles may result in a lower direct cost for many users before consideration of any externality. Consumer Reports ran an article in April stating that HEVs would not pay for themselves over 5 years of ownership. However, this included an error with charging the "hybrid premium" twice.
As recent events have shown, this is a volatile market and hard to predict. A January analysis by Intellichoice.
The most savings is for the Toyota Prius, which has a five-year cost of ownership In countries with incentives to fight against global warming and contamination and promote vehicle fuel efficiency , the pay-back period can be immediate, and all-combustion-engine vehicles can cost more than hybrids because they generate more pollution. Toyota and Honda have already said they've halved the incremental cost of electric hybrids and see cost parity in the future even without incentives. The rare-earth element dysprosium is required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems.
However, nearly all the rare-earth elements in the world come from China , [] and one analyst believes that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing may consume this entire supply by A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada and Mt Weld in Australia were under development, [] however it is not known if these sources will be developed before a shortage hits. In order to encourage the purchase of HEVs, several countries have introduced legislation for incentives and ecotaxes.
In Haifa , hybrid vehicles are entitled to a free parking in city's parking lots for domestic citizens. Other cities, such as Petah-Tikva, have quickly adopted similar free parking for hybrid cars. New hybrid car sales for were almost triple those for However the exemption of excise duties and import taxes for hybrids and EV will be extended for models that are CKD assembled in Malaysia. The exemption will be extended until December 31, for hybrids and December 31, for EVs. In Christchurch , hybrid vehicles are entitled to an hour free parking in city council parking buildings.
Where those buildings already provide an hour free, hybrid vehicles are entitled to an extra hour free. Drivers of HEVs in the United Kingdom benefit from the lowest band of vehicle excise duty car tax , which is based on carbon dioxide emissions. To be eligible the car had to be on the Power Shift Register. As of April , three auto manufactures reached the 60, cap; Toyota Motor Company reached it in , Honda in , and as of April 1, , no Ford Motor Company hybrid vehicles remained eligible for this tax credit.
Some shopping malls in Northern Virginia have designated reserved parking spaces for electric hybrid cars. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the electromagnetic transmission modes, see Mode electromagnetism. Main article: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain.
Hybrid vehicle
Further information: Mild hybrid. Main article: Plug-in hybrid. Further information: History of plug-in hybrids. See also: List of hybrid vehicles. Main article: Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States. Main article: Fossil fuel. Main article: Hydrogen vehicle. Main articles: biofuel and flexifuel vehicle.
Main article: Electric vehicle conversion. Main article: Fuel efficiency. See also: Electric vehicle warning sounds. See also: Hybrid Scorecard. See also: Hybrid taxi. Main article: Hybrid electric bus. Main article: Hybrid electric truck. Main article: Hybrid Locomotive.