Miranda v. After hours of police interrogations, Ernesto Miranda confessed to rape and kidnapping. At trial, he sought to suppress his confession, stating that he was not advised of his rights to counsel and to remain silent.
The Supreme Court agreed, holding that police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning. New Jersey v. A teacher accused T.
When she denied the allegation, the principal searched her purse and found cigarettes and marijuana paraphernalia. A family court declared T. The Supreme Court ruled that her rights were not violated since students have reduced expectations of privacy in school. New York Times v. Sullivan, for printing an advertisement containing some false statements.
The Supreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of the newspaper saying the right to publish all statements is protected under the First Amendment. Roper v. Matthew Simmons was sentenced to death for the murder of a woman when he was 17 years of age. In the caseThompson v. Oklahoma, the Supreme Court ruled that executing persons for crimes committed at age 15 or younger constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Roper argued that "evolving standards of decency" prevented the execution of an individual for crimes committed before the age of A majority of the Supreme Court agreed with Roper, and held that to execute him for his crime would violate the Eighth Amendment. Santa Fe Independent School District v.
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Before football games, members of the student body of a Texas high school elected one of their classmates to address the players and spectators. These addresses were conducted over the school's loudspeakers and usually involved a prayer. Attendance at these events was voluntary. Three students sued the school arguing that the prayers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. A majority of the Court rejected the school's argument that since the prayer was student initiated and student led, as opposed to officially sponsored by the school, it did not violate the First Amendment.
The Court held that this action did constitute school-sponsored prayer because the loudspeakers that the students used for their invocations were owned by the school. Terry v.
Paper statistics
Observing Terry and others acting suspiciously in front of a store, a police officer concluded that they might rob it. The officer stopped and frisked the men. A weapon was found on Terry and he was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon. The Supreme Court ruled that this search was reasonable. Texas v. He was arrested for this act, but argued that it was symbolic speech. The Supreme Court agreed, ruling that symbolic speech is constitutionally protected even when it is offensive. Tinker v. Fearing a disruption, the administration prohibited wearing such armbands.
The Tinkers were removed from school when they failed to comply, but the Supreme Court ruled that their actions were protected by the First Amendment. Des Moines which examines student's First Amendment rights. The special prosecutor in the Watergate affair subpoenaed audio tapes of Oval Office conversations. President Nixon refused to turn over the tapes, asserting executive privilege.
The Supreme Court ruled that the defendants' right to potentially exculpating evidence outweighed the President's right to executive privilege if national security was not compromised.
Terry Stops Data - Police | taira-kousan.com
Zelma v. The Ohio Pilot Scholarship Program allowed certain Ohio families to receive tuition aid from the state. This would help offset the cost of tuition at private, including parochial religiously affiliated , schools. The Supreme Court rejected First Amendment challenges to the program and stated that such aid does not violate the Establishment Clause. That action sometimes takes the form of police stopping, questioning, and frisking individuals on the basis of reasonable suspicion as opposed to probable cause the standard required for making an arrest.
But those arguments conflate the proper use of the tactic with its abuse. The reality remains that data-driven, proactive policing tactics — including the use of stop, question, and frisk — played an integral role in the steep, sustained crime declines we saw in cities across the country throughout the s.
Terry v. Ohio 1968
The demonization of the tactic, and the decision that recognized its legality, put those public safety gains at risk. The demonization of [Terry stops], and the decision that recognized its legality, puts those public safety gains at risk. Some have argued that the eight-justice majority got it wrong. They posit, as Justice William O.
Douglas did in his dissent, that in the absence of probable cause, any search or seizure is unconstitutional no matter how limited. Twenty-five years later, that number was down to just over That helped push more of the illicit drug trade indoors, which not only made public spaces more welcoming to the law-abiding, it made them safer by reducing the number of drive-by targets on street corners.
Moreover, by confiscating and disincentivizing the carrying of concealed weapons, police likely prevented a number of physical altercations from escalating into shootings or stabbings—though this may not have had much of an effect on pre-planned shootings. In cities where police have backed off, the effects do not seem to have been very good.
In Chicago, for example, stops decreased almost 90 percent in the first quarter of That year, the city had its highest homicide tally in nearly 20 years. None of this is to say that police never abuse their authority. Nor should readers discount the intrusion and indignity inherent in being the subject of an unlawful stop and frisk.
They are not authorized by it. Conflating what the Supreme Court ruled constitutional 50 years ago with instances of police abuse risks depriving vulnerable communities of the priceless benefits that have accrued to them in the cities that have adopted proactive policing practices around the country.
And that would be a tragedy. This piece originally appeared in the The Philadelphia Inquirer. Rafael A. Your current web browser is outdated. For best viewing experience, please consider upgrading to the latest version.