There has long been a debate about the different levels of sentencing for crack and cocaine offenders.
The debate stems around the fact that more affluent people are inclined to use cocaine, which they can easily afford, and less affluent people are more inclined to use crack, the cheaper cocaine derivative. This paper examines the relationship between cocaine offenders, crack offenders, and the sentences each type of offender receives at the federal level. Findings, which support previous research, indicate that there is indeed disparity in sentencing between each type of offender.
Policy implications are also discussed. Despite considerable growth in the industry of police studies, which has done much to enhance our understandings of many of the social and technical aspects of policing, the work of police detectives and the practices employed in the investigation of crime remain comparatively neglected and under-researched. In this paper I want to explore the extent to which concepts derived from semiotics and blended with a more interpretative sociological epistemology can usefully be employed in understanding some key aspects of the work of crime investigators.
In the opening section of the paper I outline the literatures on detectives and semiotics in order to identify their respective key themes. I then move on to consider some empirical data from two studies concerning the investigation of homicide to demonstrate how a number of semiotic concepts assist in the interpretation of the data. I conclude by mapping out some of the key implications of this semiotics of detective work and consider how the preliminary sketch laid out in this paper might be developed.
Routine activity theory suggests that neighborhood-level activity patterns influence crime rates, and that the convergence of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian results in the increased likelihood of criminal events. Further, routine activity theorists suggest that neighborhood land-use patterns are related to neighborhood crime rates and that these criminogenic land-uses influence crime in two ways: a by inhibiting an area's social control capacity, and b by attracting particular types of routine activities.
This paper examines the land-use crime relationship with three research questions. First, which land-uses have a direct influence on crime? Second, as disadvantaged neighborhoods often have higher crime rates than more advantaged areas, do land-uses mediate the effects of disadvantage on crime?
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Finally, do neighborhood social characteristics and land-use patterns interact to increase crime? To address these issues, this research uses census, tax parcel, and crime data from three cities, which vary in terms of size and racial composition. GIS and spatial regressive models are used, and initial results indicate that land-use may indeed mediate some of the effects of social characteristics on crime and that some land-uses have greater impacts in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Drug courts developed out of an organizational need for an alternative to incarceration.
These courts attempt to reduce substance abuse and recidivism through techniques such as monitoring, alternative sanctions, and treatment. Evaluations of drug courts around the country are beginning to emerge, and although the outcome results are encouraging not all courts are showing a reduction in rearrest rates. The fact remains that despite the rapid expansion of drug courts, their growing prevalence, and popularity, little is known about the ability of the drug court model to achieve its objectives in a variety of circumstances.
The current study will explore the characteristics and outcomes among 7 adult and 3 juvenile drug courts across the State of Ohio. This research adds to the literature by examining the impact of drug court programming on recidivism across jurisdictions. In , the National Institute of Justice commissioned Steven Lab to develop a strategic plan for crime prevention research. This roundtable session will include short presentations on the background for this effort, the process used to develop the plan and the recommendations for future research resulting from the plan.
This planning effort excluded any programs or initiatives which directly target work with adjudicated offenders, or offenders who have begun processing through the formal criminal justice system sometimes referred to as tertiary prevention. The planning effort also excluded a wide range of programs and issues which receive significant attention from other agencies or sources, both within and outside the Department of Justice.
The plan has the following general parameters: 1 it proposes a mix of both community-wide initiatives and smaller scale targeted prevention activities; 2 it proposes a mix of basic research programs along with specific evaluation projects; 3 it incorporates a call for yearly investigator initiated research specifically targeting prevention issues; and 4 it assumes that many initiatives should consider joint funding with NIJ and other agencies.
Time will be allotted for discussion. This research investigates the influence of family conditions on general victimization risk.
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Victimization research has typically looked upon the family as a context in which victimization occurs, but has seldom considered the broader significance of the family for determining the risk of victimization. In light of the similarity between the sources of offending and victimization, we believe that the family may be an important determinant of victimization risk in both the short- and long-term, just as it is for criminal behavior. Routine activities theory may help explain how family conditions can influence victimization risk in the short term. Recent developments in victimization theory suggest that family conditions during childhood can have a long-term effect on risk as well.
We use the and waves of the National Youth Survey to determine whether the family actually plays such an extensive part in victimization risk.
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If the family does have a long-term effect, then our results have important implications for the development of victimization theory. This study intends to give an overview of what is known about the violent phenomenon around the school and to reveal the extent and nature of juvenile victimization around schools in the U. S and Korea. To better understand the causation of the violence, this study also examine the relationship of hypothesized predictors related to school with delinquent behavior.
Based on the general strain theory GST , this study points to another major source of strain and its effect on delinquency. In particular, as the GST has argued that strains from various sources are most responsible for the delinquency in a certain society, higher education oriented school culture is addressed, as a major source of strain on adolescents in Korean society. This study employs a national sample data gathered by Korean National Institute of Criminology to address the issues above.
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The results support that school, as the major source of strain, has a direct and indirect effect on delinquency. This study suggests a new direction for the development of strain theory, and implications for future research on GST are discussed. The "get-tough on crime" strategies of the past two decades have inundated the court system, probation offices, jails, and prisons with a significant number of offenders convicted for drug crimes and suffering from drug addiction. Drug courts, first developed in in Dade County, Florida, have been proposed as a solution to this problem by diverting drug offenders from the traditional court system and its sanctions.
Drug courts were designed to use the authority of the judge to increase offender compliance with drug treatment.
In most drug courts, the judge closely monitors the progress of the drug offender generally referred to as a client and doles out sanctions for drug use relapse, failure to attend treatment, or other drug court infractions. The atmosphere of the drug court is non-adversarial and provides a case management function, connecting drug abusers with appropriate treatment programs. Drug courts have become wildly popular.
As of January , there were nearly established or recently implemented drug courts in the United States Drug Court Clearinghouse, , with over being planned.
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This popularity may stem in part from the perception that these courts hold drug offenders accountable for their irresponsible behavior i. A review of the drug court literature conducted by the General Accounting Office concluded that the existing evidence was insufficient to draw any firm conclusion on the effectiveness of these programs with respect to recidivism.
Belenko also drew a cautious, albeit positive, conclusion on the impact of drug courts on long-term drug use and criminal offending. Past reviews have not, however, utilized systematic review. This review will look at treatments in all settings where people with Personality Disorders would be situated.
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These settings are likely to include prison, secure hospitals and the community. This paper consists of my draft Protocol and following in the next section, a brief report of a pilot study, which I conducted in order to test the Draft Protocol's robustness. I would present the preliminary results of my finished review at the ASC meeting in November Agnew's General Strain Theory has been the focus of many empirical tests.
Unfortunately, the data used to conduct the majority of these tests has been less than ideal. In particular, these studies have either used cross-sectional data or longitudinal data with a long lag period between collection points. While these types of data are acceptable to test some of the assumptions of GST, they are inadequate to test the assumptions that strain is a proximal cause of delinquent behavior and that strain has a more detrimental effect when it is clustered, recent, or longer in duration.
The study at hand uses the appropriate data to test these assumptions of GST.
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Specifically, GST will be tested using longitudinal, individual-level data collected from a sample of women in a city detention center. The data are retrospective and were collected for each month of a month period, using a Life Events Calendar. Turk postulated that conflict between authority figures and their subjects is more likely when there is close agreement between cultural norms the law as it is written and social norms the law as it is enforced. This paper uses data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St.
Petersburg, Florida, to test Turk's theory as it relates to overt conflict in police-citizen encounters. It builds upon the work of Lanza-Kaduce and Greenleaf , , who used police records to apply Turk's theory to police-citizen encounters in domestic disturbance cases. This study will examine motor vehicle theft MVT "hot spots" from an environmental criminology perspective.
This study asserts that a theoretical explanation for where and why MVT occurs is available by looking at community characteristics and systemic processes that occur to make areas conducive, even prone to MVT. The findings of this study will help generate policy implications, increase public awareness, and be beneficial in the development and implementation of situational crime prevention strategies. Over the past hundred years, many criminological theories have emerged seeking to explain criminal behavior.