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The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
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From soap geek to dance-phwoar god! He found fame on Emmerdale as a gawky child star, but after a stunning There may be an impressive amount of local pharmacological lore involved, and transmitted among a handful of people, which has measurable biomedical merit and risk if examined in a laboratory. See, e. The 'information' in modern biomedical science , and the vaster periphery of paramedical knowledge and professions, very largely comprises impersonal, peer-reviewed, published, examined, challenged, battled over, repealed, revised and reissued information, which constitutes the largest open, continuously rolling, information program the world has known.
This compiler first started visiting medical libraries in the s when on short leave from Pakistan, and started formally on the research trail in Birmingham in , when the web was beginning to boom. Nearly thirty years' worth of Index Medicus stood ponderously on vast racks of the Medical School library, as a monthly bound volume of quarto size, each two or three inches thick, publishing the titles and citation details of new medical journal articles and reviews across the world, plus the peripheral nursing, therapy, psychological, bio-social and paramedical journals. To actually find and read the full contents of a single month's worth of Index Med's listed titles, would probably now take at least 7 or 8 years by which time much of it would be considered out of date.
Obviously, nobody does that. One must specialise in one or two narrow fields, and keep up with a moderate periphery of contents in allied fields, and read some weekly 'insider, trade or professional' journals that summarise and review the most important developments; and attend serious conferences to learn what is 'really going on' behind the curtains.
Front-line hands-on nurses and doctors and paramedics, counsellors and psychologists, in modern biomedicine are often working five or ten years behind the wave-front of research. They not unlike the Traditional Healers get along by acting a role with some degree of patience and kindness, and some firm pronouncements, but also with lots of blood tests and scans etc, where their computer sends them quickly to pills and potions that are at least harmless, or at best fairly effective.
Even if they actually work with only a tiny fraction of 'modern medical knowledge', they are aware of the vast edifice of information and debate that used to be displayed in the racks of printed Index Medicus this ceased to be printed in , since when it became freely available online via Pub Med and some specialist databases.
Being now held in hugely powerful computers in database form, and being accessed from across the globe every moment of every day, it can of course be accessed and cross-referenced with vastly greater speed in electronic form, than in the old printed volumes. The number of articles in the database was 20,, in , 22,, in , and 25,, in It seems to be increasing at more than , per year. It would thus take 7 or 8 years to read one month's output and much longer if one did not live near a very strong library - not everything is fully electronic!
Or 25 years, if you're incredibly clever. Reading abstracts only, a rapid reader might skim through ten times as many, and still fall far behind the output, while knowing very little of the research strengths and weaknesses of the material. Some time must be given to chasing down articles that have been retracted, because they were found to be fraudulent or seriously misguided.
In practice, the addicted reader's health would crack after a few years with too little bodily exercise, healthy eating, or time for reflection. Please do not try it. Well, the medical field in most of the world addresses impairment of body and mind, sometimes arresting diseases that lead to impairment and disability.
In recent decades, something like half of Index Med has been taken up with paramedical arts and sciences, including psychological and nursing articles, therapies, counselling, medical sociology, and all kinds of approaches in which 'the medical doctor' was simply one of a team of specialists. SMOD, the so-called Social Model of Disability sometimes contrasted with the Individual Model has been widely talked about in 'official' Britain, and is written into numerous government documents.
Yet is also widely admitted to have had comparatively modest impact on ordinary human responses on the street, or in everyday design. Indexers seldom got to it -- occasional mention of 'handicap' might appear; or individual categories such as 'blind' or 'cripples'.
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You could check 'beggar', 'mad', 'mental', 'social welfare', and might turn up some case histories. That is why the present compiler began making annotated bibliographies on disability across Asia, the Middle East and Africa -- being convinced that there was in fact a great deal of knowledge held within the languages, cultures and concepts of these vast, ancient and modern continents, but it would remain mostly hidden unless searched for in accordance with those indigenous cultures and concepts, and a fairly extensive vocabulary of terms now considered 'politically incorrect'.
Looking for SMOD, one would find only a weak echo of some already-forgotten official promise, generated by pressure from some well-meaning European advisor! Mental health may be different. The modern biomedical system loses ground where frontline practitioners are so busy and immersed in the technology and the screenful of blood results and 'fixing' the fixable parts of the body, that they are unable to listen to the patient.
They can hardly get close enough to hear or feel the pain and suffering, the griefs and despair, the hates and envies, fears and worries -- so those remain unheard, unsmelled, unaddressed, untreated, and may drag down the physical body. Hence according to some of the literature, it is in the sphere of 'mental health' that the Traditional practitioner is more likely to overtake the Modern, because he or she takes more time to listen, and expects to address the undivided body-mind continuum, rather than thinking of mind and body as separate departments.
Nevertheless, massive asymmetry remains, and seems non-remediable. The modern system does have a large component of 'mental and psychological' reported trials and scientific tools and reported experience, though the modern mental health workers may be less directive than the traditional.
73rd Congress of the Italian Society of Pediatrics
In terms of pills and potions, the occasional maverick senior psychiatrist may admit that modern psychiatry has little more than a handful of mood changers, pep pills and tranquilisers. The counselling profession may become quite good at listening, and gently nudging people toward doing what they know they should do - while yet displaying the post-modern shyness about actually telling people what to do.
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Not all of it can be blamed on social pressures; or on civil wars, water shortages, air pollution and micro-nutrient deficiencies; or on spending 9 hours per day on Facebook or Instagram; or whatever the most recent media-induced panic-of-the-week suggests. Yet it is also widely recognised that the resources of trained therapists, counsellors and purveyors of calming wisdom, whether modern or traditional, fall short of meeting even the surface of current needs in the 'modern' world. Much can be learnt from the study of the several current systems.
Yet one may also try to figure the size of some obstacles, which can be checked by a brief google on the data above. The modern system also has its quota of mistakes and false or deliberately tampered data e. There are systems of review in place to prevent or deter people from making mistakes or deliberate deceptions -- but such systems are far from foolproof, as discussed in the next section and Appendix 4.
Some elderly people can remember that length of time, or more, when 'village remedies', herbs or potions using animal fat or common chemicals, were known to be effective for many hurts, scratches, bumps, stings or at least had sufficient 'placebo effects' to be worth trying. HUME, Appendix 1, below] -- though they had no antibiotics until the s, and no clear basis for antiseptic precautions before the s.
In the past 50 years, there has been increasing focus on 'evidence-based medicine', where evidence may be acquired by selecting three or four 'statistically balanced comparable groups' who undergo five or six different regimes e. Complicated trials are seldom easy to control and standardise. They are often expensive, may take several years to come to credible conclusions, and by the time they are published there will be new competing treatments Y, and Z, making even bolder claims for wider groups.
The modern 'evidence-based' researcher normally lives and works amidst a continuous whirlpool of rumour, guesswork, hunches, contradictory evidence, new theories undermining 'well established facts', and unexpected snags, in addition to the fact that most patients cannot afford new 'wonder-drugs', or their insurance company may dictate the limits of their entitlement; or their national health service sets up a committee to evaluate evidence and counter-claims, and decide what the nation will or will not provide.
Yet without the rigorous, sceptical and often lengthy testing and cross-testing sketched above, guesswork is likely to be dominant. There is probably a great deal to be learnt from all the major treatment approaches. It is not obligatory that they should cut one another's throats; but economic competition tends to sharpen mistrust and animosity. The annotations [still only partial in this April version ] intend to focus mainly on matters of disability, deafness, abnormality, mental debility, and healing, appearing in or with a religious, moral or ethical context within Africa, broadly understood.
In some cases the major contents and thrust of listed work may be given a few words only, or are understood to be sufficiently indicated by the title, while the small part pertinent to disability is given more description. No disrespect is intended toward the omitted contents, which are often of great value but are not the immediate present concern. Of course, all mention of disability or deafness should be seen within its context; and in much African history, the social context and the religious context probably have a large overlap.
Within the annotations, square brackets [ ] around a comment usually indicate some kind of alert, i. In some cases, material that could not be obtained and read in time has been included on the basis of its title alone; or because a review in an academic journal indicates its pertinence. In other cases where the compiler lacked the diligence or intelligence to read a book or published paper three times so as to fathom the author's meaning, he has cited some academic review s to assist his understanding.
The number of readers who are going to read difficult material even once, let alone thrice, might diminish sharply in the generation that runs and rewrites its life continuously on Facebook, MyLife, Me-Pix, Instagram, WhatsApp, Snapchat; or who tries to govern world affairs by Tweet Yet even supposedly 'serious' academic reviews in reputable journals -- whether anonymous peer reviews before publication or post-publication reviews by named author -- can be quite misleading.
Students who wish to know more, and those who would prefer not to get trapped into similar games, evasions, mickey-taking or sharp practice, may wish to read that appendix and follow up. Others might find it a distraction from the main field. The world's major languages have recorded histories of words and names that have been used, sometimes politely, often thoughtlessly, through six or more thousand years, to talk about impairments and disabilities, such as being blind, or deaf, or unable to walk, or behaving in strange ways. The main words in the title of this bibliography, and the lists of 'keywords', have the potential to annoy somebody, some interest group, some sensitive critics, somewhere in the world.
The terms are not intended to irritate anyone; but 'annoyance happens' anyway. The use of terms changes at different speeds in different places. Some terms may come to be disliked in one place just when people somewhere else are getting to like them. If an article goes online, within a few hours some people in countries might find it on their screen, and some will certainly find words they don't like.
People do not need to get annoyed. There is a choice whether to 'get angry' or to remain calm when viewing words on a screen!
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The 'keyword' lists : these belong to different periods in the past, and different languages and regions. Also, different parts of speech e. This reflects the confusion of everyday usage and terminology, as do the variant spellings of some terms, the omission of accents and diacriticals, and even the different spellings in American and British English. The keywords are mainly intended for search engines to digest, not humans. That is why they appear up front.
Many of the terms or phrases are no longer used in polite English, French or German in Western countries, but they may be used in some African countries or elsewhere with no offensive meaning. They were used normally in earlier centuries in Europe, without the intention of insulting anyone. They are used in this bibliography where they seem appropriate. In some ways, this bibliography has been simplified to make it more accessible to people in the majority of countries where English is a second or third language.
In other ways it is far from simple, because the responses that we human beings make toward one other are often complicated, ambivalent and ambiguous. The religious and philosophical thoughts behind the responses are not easy to discuss in simple language. Every day, tens of thousands more people, who live in countries with restricted access to public libraries or bookshops, are getting a web connection, going online, beginning to surf around millions or billions of websites.