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In addition to some most interesting findings, the project illustrates a host of joys and sorrows related to trying to do cross-cultural and comparative research. Using ADAM data, we will construct theoretically meaningful accounts of observed geographic variation in these markets. Outside of the ADAM framework, there have been geographic analyses of drug markets using GIS and ethnographic explorations in specific cities. However, there have been no identification of geographic clusters or typologies across large numbers of cities.

This paper will focus on examining the clustering of urban communities by the characteristics of their drug markets. Once these clusters are developed, based mostly on U. Census demographic factors, we will examine the characteristics of these market typologies. Based on our earlier work, we will operationally define drug market stability to measure both structural and interactional stability. We will then illustrate how such measures of stability can be used to compare particular drug market types.

For example, preliminary analysis suggests that large East Coast cities with historically high rates of crack use exhibit higher levels of structural and interactional stability, as compared to large methamphetamine markets based in growing Western U. This paper reports the preliminary results of a comparative evaluation ofthe Rappahannock Regional Adult and Juvenile Drug Court in Virginia.

The analysis includes several factors, such as demographic data, offensehistory, drug-use background, treatment programs, program costs, and outcome data. The analysis involves individuals at various stages of completion of both the adult and juvenile drug-court programs. Comparisons will also be made with a sample of individuals who qualified for inclusion in the drug court, but who did not participate. The paper concludes with comparisons to other published evaluations of drug courts in the United States.

This paper compares citizen perceptions of unfair treatment by the police in Los Angeles, California, and Washington, DC. We present findings from two related studies of citizen contacts with the police in the Los Angeles and Washington, DC. To measure the effects of region, personal encounters with the police, neighborhood context, race and other personal attributes, researchers interviewed a stratified sample of 1, households from each of the two study sites. The sampling and survey methodologies were consistent across sites.

The survey was designed to gather information about the frequency and nature of citizen contacts with police, including both citizen and police initiated contacts. Respondents were also asked questions measuring their perceptions of whether police services are applied differentially to individuals and neighborhoods depending on race and other extralegal factors. Building on earlier survey findings from the Los Angeles study site, we use a multilevel analysis to examine individual and neighborhood factors that predict perceptions of unfair treatment.

In recent years the U. Supreme Court has demonstrated its close attention to the issue of punitive damage awards in civil cases. The Court has held that excessive punitive damage awards violate constitutional due process guarantees, that an appellate court in reviewing punitive damage awards should sue a de novo standard rather than the more deferential abuse of discretion standard.

Furthermore, the Court has instructed courts evaluating a punitive damages award to consider penalties imposed in comparable cases. This attention can be contrasted with the attention the Court has demonstrated in death penalty cases, particularly with its treatment of comparative proportionality review CPR. CPR requires the reviewing court to compare the death sentence in a case to similar cases to determine whether the sentence is excessive. However, as a consequence of the Court's disparagement of CPR, states that continue to independently require this review do not implement it in a meaningful manner.

This paper will examine the impact of the recent Supreme Court case law on appellate review of punitive damages with special interest in wrongful death actions. A comparison between the impact of this line of cases will be made to the CPR procedures in state courts. This paper will compare the Canadian and U.

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Initial findings show that the U. The overall U. The highest overall juvenile murder rate in Canada was for infants under age 1, while in the U. While the proportion of U. Past research suggests that youth problem behaviors, such as substance abuse, school problems and delinquency, reflect a single underlying dimension of behavior.

However, few studies examine the structure of problem behavior in samples from different countries. We hypothesize a three-factor solution, representing three separate constructs: school antisocial behavior, delinquency, and substance use. Confirmatory factor analyses examine the degree to which these constructs represent the data for each independent sample. Data were analyzed separately for youth ages and to account for possible differences in the latent structure for younger versus older adolescents.

Preliminary results indicate that the data may be best represented by two factors; school-related problems do not appear to be distinct from the other two constructs. Implications for understanding problem behavior across cultural and developmental groups will be discussed. The overlap and relationship between violent and nonviolent juvenile sex offending remains a relatively unexplored segment of delinquency phenomena.

Do kids who commit nonviolent sex offenses tend to also commit violent sex assaults, either conterminously or subsequently?

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Are some types of nonviolent sex offenses, such as obscene phone calls, more correlated to violent sex assaults than other nonviolent sex offenses, such as statutory rape? These questions will be investigated using longitudinal data sets that allow the tracking of juveniles' entire case histories, or careers, with the juvenile court.

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In three areas of the country- Utah and Washington States and Maricopa County, Arizona-case information on juveniles is stored from the first time the juvenile is referred to court which could be as young as age 7 until the juvenile ages out of the juvenile justice system at their 18th birthday and any new cases would be referred to criminal rather than juvenile court. The data sets also permit investigation of some fundamental aspects of sex offending careers: whether there were prior offenses, whether prior offenses were sexual in nature, the age of onset for offending careers, the number of cases brought against juveniles across the span of their careers, and comparison of sex offenders' careers with other juvenile person offenders.

With the rapidly growing interest in the utility and effectiveness of initiatives that give voice to citizen concerns and enables community restoration alongside public safety goals, it is increasingly critical that evaluations understand the dynamic processes involved in the implementation and maintenance of partnerships between justice agencies and community organizations.

The central question behind the research presented is "What are the factors that facilitate and strengthen the ability of community organizations to participate in community justice partnerships? The presentation lays out a framework for understanding the multiple levels and dimensions of capacity building among justice agencies and community organizations for community justice outcomes.

The research is designed as a baseline to begin to establish the correlates of successful community justice programs and initiatives. These have included comparisons to other cities i. Chicago and to county-level studies BJS, , regarding 1 the legal disposition of homicide cases, based upon the victim-offender relationships, 2 spousal sex ratios of killing, and 3 intimate partner homicide risk for women from partners who are not their children's biological fathers.

The professional wrestler has become a cultural icon in the United States over the past few years and is often romanticized in the media, the public imagination, and by children. Professional wrestling, once viewed as low-income entertainment, has perforated popular culture and has become a multi-billion dollar industry.

The target audience for this form of sports entertainment, televised over 15 hours per week, is pre-teen and teenage males, who account for approximately 15 million viewers. Particular focus is placed on the Work Wrestling Federation, the more popular of the wrestling associations, the role women play in sports entertainment, and the violence perpetrated against women.

The researcher develops a typology of women's roles and general male-female interaction scenarios present in the WWF. The research arges that this exploration is important due to the increased role of television in the socialization process and the desensitization and even normalization of violence against women in the media. Elements from differential association and social learning theory were incorporated into a contextual model to explain drug use inside prison. Data came from self-administered questionnaires given to over 1, inmates in 30 correctional institutions throughout Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio.

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Hierarchical linear modeling HLM was used to examine the impact of correctional context on individual behavior. Preliminary results indicated that learning or association variables from both the micro and macro level significantly explained drug use inside prison. A contextual, social learning model of prisoner drug use is recommended for future research. Social control theory has been widely criticized due to its lack of attention to female crime.

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Despite these criticisms, we contend that there has been no systematic attempt to explain gender differences in crime utilizing a theoretical perspective that remains true to control theory's fundamental assumptions. We draw on Risman's work in arguing that gender inequality is created and maintained on three analytically distinct levels: the individual, interactional, and structural levels. We develop a control theory of gender difference in offending that explains how female subordination originated in human societies, and how it involves greater controls being placed on females' behavior through gender socialization, interactional expectations, and institutional arrangements.

While most analyses of gender inequality advocate increasing freedsoms accorded to women, we argue that this can only occur if the freedoms accorded to men are decreased. If, for example, men are held just as responsible as women are for the care of children and others, we are likely to work to socialize boys to be just as concerned for the opinions and feelings of others as women are.

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As a result, we would expect crime rates among men to decreae, and for crime rates as a whole to decrease. Research has documented a disparity in correctional trends between Black and White populations. Some literature attributes this difference to differential rates of arrest and type of offense committed. The following research augments this dialogue by exploring characteristics of arrests, charging, and sentencing for Blacks and Whites in Monroe County, Indiana.