Barquero-Calvo, M. Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxins. Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin. Role of Listeria monocytogenes Exotoxins in Virulence. Martin, Teresa Frisan, Boris Mihaljevic. Arjan J.
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Vermeulen, Yuzhou Tang, Alejandro P. Zuniga-Chaves, M. Fusarium Mycotoxin: Toxicity and Detection. Venkataramana, G. Selvakumar, S. Back Matter Pages About this book Introduction This volume provides an overview of microbial toxins from diverse bacterial and fungal origins. Many of these microbes, due to their toxins, impact our society from a health and economic perspective.
In particular, this volume address the diverse niches of these organisms focused upon their associated toxins. The structures, functions, and genetics of toxins will be addressed. Besides the ill-effects elicited by these toxins, it must be noted that there is immense potential for turning some of these harmful molecules into useful tools as specific probes of receptors , novel drugs or drug-conjugates for the treatment of various diseases, and immunomodulating agents for targeted vaccine delivery for research and unique medicines.
Recent progress in bacterial genome mapping and establishment of three-dimensional crystal structures of several bacterial toxins provides a deeper knowledge and greater understanding of structure-function relationships. Infection of specific strains of Streptococcus mutans, oral bacteria, confers a risk of ulcerative colitis. Although oral bacteria-associated systemic diseases have been reported, association between Streptococcus mutans, pathogen of dental caries, and ulcerative colitis UC has not been reported.
We investigated the effect of various S. Administration of TW, the specific strain of S. Localization of TW in hepatocytes in liver was observed. The detection frequency of the specific strains in UC patients was significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Administration of the specific strains of S. Infection with highly-virulent specific types of S.
Molecular epidemiology and strain -specific characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae at the herd and cow level. Host-adaptation of Streptococcus agalactiae subpopulations has been described whereby strains that are commonly associated with asymptomatic carriage or disease in people differ phenotypically and genotypically from those causing mastitis in dairy cattle.
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Based on multilocus sequence typing MLST , the most common strains in dairy herds in Denmark belong to sequence types ST that are also frequently found in people. The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and diagnostic characteristics of such strains in relation to bovine mastitis. Among 1, cattle from 6 herds, cow-level prevalence of S.
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Quarter-level prevalence was estimated at 2. Within each herd, a single PFGE type and ST predominated, consistent with a contagious mode of transmission or point source infection within herds. Evidence of within-herd evolution of S. Detection of CC23 3 herds was associated with significantly lower approximate count colony-forming units at the quarter level and significantly lower cycle threshold value at the cow level than detection of CC1 2 herds or CC19 1 herd , indicating a lower bacterial load in CC23 infections.
Median values for the number of infected quarters and somatic cell count SCC were numerically but not significantly lower for cows infected with CC23 than for cows with CC1 or CC All rights. Comparative analysis of innate immune responses to Streptococcus phocae strains in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Streptococcus phocae subsp. This susceptibility could be determined by innate immune response components and their responses to bacterial infection.
This fish pathogen shares subspecies status with Streptococcus phocae subsp. The present study compared innate immune system mechanisms in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout when challenged with different S. Streptococcus phocae growth was evaluated in the mucus and serum of both species, with rainbow trout samples evidencing inhibitory effects. In conclusion, the non-specific humoral and cellular barriers of Atlantic salmon were immunologically insufficient against S.
Moreover, the more robust response of rainbow trout to S. Recurrent bacteremia with different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in an immunocompromised child. We report an immunocompromised child who experienced two episodes of bacteremia due to Streptococcus pyogenes. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA profiles, emm genotypes, superantigen profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance-related genes were investigated, and the results showed different profiles between the two isolates.
This is the first report describing recurrent bacteremia caused by different strains of S. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peripheral ischaemic retinopathy and neovascularisation in a patient with subacute streptococcus mitis-induced bacterial endocarditis.
Objective: To describe a patient with peripheral retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation who was diagnosed with streptococcus mitis-induced bacterial endocarditis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of case report.
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A year-old man presented with a history of a rapidly progressive, bilateral, painless visual loss. He also suffered from pain in the neck and lower back and a weight loss of 10 kg. He underwent a full ophthalmologic work-up, laboratory investigations, and imaging of the spine. Fundoscopy showed rare intra-retinal haemorrhages including few Roth spots and cotton wool lesions. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated large areas of peripheral retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Imaging of the spine showed spondylodiscitis on several levels.
Further imaging and blood cultures confirmed bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve. Streptococcus mitis was subsequently identified as the causative organism. Conclusion: Peripheral retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation were previously unrecognised as a feature of infectious endocarditis. Therefore, their presence, apart from the classic Roth spots, should prompt the consideration of infectious endocarditis in the etiologic work-up. Leysen, Laura S. Vizantin inhibits bacterial adhesion without affecting bacterial growth and causes Streptococcus mutans biofilm to detach by altering its internal architecture.
An ideal antibiofilm strategy is to control both in the quality and quantity of biofilm while maintaining the benefits derived from resident microflora. Vizantin, a recently developed immunostimulating compound, has also been found to have antibiofilm property.
This study evaluated the influence on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of sulfated vizantin and biofilm development following bacterial adhesion on a hydroxyapatite disc coated with sulfated vizantin. Biofilm development on the surface coated with sulfated vizantin was inhibited depending on the concentration, suggesting prevention from bacterial adhesion. Among eight genes related to bacterial adherence in S. These findings suggest that sulfated vizantin may cause structural degradation as a result of changing gene regulation related to bacterial adhesion and glucan production of S.
A rat pneumonia model was used. In that model approximately 6 log10 CFU of one of four strains of S. Streptococcus mutans, a pathogen responsible for dental caries, is occasionally isolated from the blood of patients with bacteremia and infective endocarditis IE. Our previous study demonstrated that serotype k-specific bacterial DNA is frequently detected in S.
However, the reason for this frequent detection remains unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the virulence of IE from S. Fibrinogen-binding assays were performed with 85 clinical strains classified by Cbm and PA expression levels. A rat IE model with an artificial impairment of the aortic valve created using a catheter showed that extirpated heart valves in the SA31 group displayed a prominent vegetation mass not seen in those in the SA31CBD group.
Contribution of the interaction of Streptococcus mutans serotype k strains with fibrinogen to the pathogenicity of infective endocarditis. All Rights Reserved. The majority of Streptococcus thermophilus phages can be divided into either cos- or pac-type phages and are additionally characterized by examining the V2 region of their antireceptors. We screened a large number of S. Three phages did not produce positive results with the assays. The third phage, CHPC, had a tail size similar to those of the cos- or pac-type phages, but it displayed a different baseplate structure.
By testing adsorption of the related streptococcal and lactococcal phages to the surface of S. Our data indicated that the use of S. A notable diversity among S. Characterizing streptococcal phages, understanding their genetic relationships, and studying their interactions with various hosts are the necessary steps for preventing and controlling phage attacks that occur during dairy fermentations.
Bacteriophages are the main cause of fermentation failures in dairy plants. The majority of Streptococcus thermophilus phages can be divided into either cos - or pac -type phages and are additionally characterized by examining the V2 region of their antireceptors. The third phage, CHPC, had a tail size similar to those of the cos - or pac -type phages, but it displayed a different baseplate structure.
Dental caries induction in experimental animals by clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans isolated from Japanese children. Oral implantation and the cariogenic activity of clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans which had been isolated from Japanese children and labeled with streptomycin-resistance were examined in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats.
All the seven strains tested were easily implanted and persisted during the experimental period. Extensive carious lesions were produced in rats inoculated with clinical strains of S. Noninfected rats did not develop dental caries when fed diet no. Type d S. Strains of other serotypes primarily developed caries of pit and fissure origin.