Car wheel rim technology history

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Reduced Rim Thickness (RRT)

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They generally provide greater strength over pure metals, which are usually much softer and more ductile. Alloys of aluminium or magnesium are typically lighter for the same strength, provide better heat conduction , and often produce improved cosmetic appearance over steel wheels.

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Although steel , the most common material used in wheel production, is an alloy of iron and carbon , the term "alloy wheel" is usually reserved for wheels made from nonferrous alloys. The earliest light-alloy wheels were made of magnesium alloys.

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Although they lost favor on common vehicles, they remained popular through the s, albeit in very limited numbers. In the mid-to-late s, aluminium-casting refinements allowed the manufacture of safer wheels that were not as brittle. Because light-alloy wheels at the time were often made of magnesium often referred to as "mags" , these early wheel failures were later attributed to magnesium's low ductility, when in many instances these wheels were poorly cast aluminium alloy wheels.

Once these aluminium casting improvements were more widely adopted, the aluminium wheel took the place of magnesium as low cost, high-performance wheels for motorsports. Lighter wheels can improve handling by reducing unsprung mass , allowing suspension to follow the terrain more closely and thus improve grip, however not all alloy wheels are lighter than their steel equivalents. Reduction in overall vehicle mass can also help to reduce fuel consumption. Better heat conduction and a more open wheel design can help dissipate heat from the brakes , which improves braking performance in more demanding driving conditions and reduces the chance of diminished brake performance or even failure due to overheating.

Alloy wheels are also purchased for cosmetic purposes although the cheaper alloys used are usually not corrosion -resistant. Alloys allow the use of attractive bare-metal finishes, but these need to be sealed with paint or wheel covers. Even if so protected the wheels in use will eventually start to corrode after 3 to 5 years but refurbishment is now widely available at a cost. The manufacturing processes also allow intricate, bold designs.



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Alloy wheels are prone to galvanic corrosion , which can cause the tires to leak air if appropriate preventive measures are not taken. Also, alloy wheels are more difficult to repair than steel wheels when bent, but their higher price usually makes repairs cheaper than replacement.

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Alloy wheels are more expensive to produce than standard steel wheels, and thus are often not included as standard equipment, instead being marketed as optional add-ons or as part of a more expensive trim package. However, alloy wheels have become considerably more common since [ citation needed ] , now being offered on economy and subcompact cars, compared to a decade earlier where alloy wheels were often not factory options on inexpensive vehicles. Alloy wheels have long been included as standard equipment on higher-priced luxury or sports cars, with larger-sized or "exclusive" alloy wheels being options.

The high cost of alloy wheels makes them attractive to thieves; to counter this, automakers and dealers often use locking lug nuts or bolts which require a special key to remove. Most alloy wheels are manufactured using casting , but some are forged. Forged wheels are usually lighter, stronger, but much more expensive than cast wheels.

There are two types of forged wheels: one piece and modular. Modular forged wheels may feature two- or three-piece design. Typical multi-piece wheels consist of the inner rim base, outer rim lip and wheel center piece with openings for lug nuts. All parts of a modular wheel are held with bolts. BBS RS is one of the most famous three-piece modular forged wheels. Although replacing standard steel wheel and tire combinations with lighter alloy wheels and potentially lower profile tires can result in increased performance and handling, this doesn't necessarily hold when increasingly large wheels are employed.

Most aftermarket wheels are cast, while only a few above are forged, such as Donz, Vellano and Weld. The demand for larger wheels was spurred on by the invention of wheel spinners by American Tru-Spinners. The original U. American Tru-Spinners also invented another series of wheel spinners that spun backwards while the wheel traveled forwards and some traveled in a stationary position focusing on the wheel manufacturer logo staying level while in motion utilizing specialized bearings.

American Tru-Spinners also introduced the use of Holograms in the spinner wheels that gave a lighted strobe effect without the use of a battery or electric source.

Types of tires

Some manufacturers also share patterns and castings, with an example motorcycle being the licensing of Marchesini five-spoke design to Brembo , for the production of alloy non-magnesium wheels for Ducati road bikes. During the s and before, there wasn't being a massive demand for aftermarket alloy wheels, as there were being less than manufacturers existed around the world.

Magnesium alloy wheels were the first die-cast wheels produced, and were often referred to as simply "mag wheels. The term "mag wheels" became synonymous with die-cast wheels made from any material, from modern aluminium alloy wheels to plastic and composite wheels used on items like bicycles , wheelchairs , and skateboards. However, pure magnesium wheels are no longer produced, being found only on classic cars. Pure magnesium suffers from many problems.